Nationality policy / ethnic policy – the way a state manages its relations with national and ethnic groups living within its borders and how a state manages diversity among ethnic and nationality groups.
Ethnos – an ethnic community (wspólnota etniczna).
What factors play an important role in the process of nation-building?
Nation – a historically shaped group. It often has its own territory (but not always) and is distinguished by a literary language and a developed culture.
How does an ethnic minority differ from a national minority?
Ethnic group (ethnic minority) – a long-lasting community of people who share the same culture. They often identify with a particular nation (for example, the Lemkos with the Ukrainian nation), but sometimes they do not (like the Roma).
National minority – a community living within a state that is not part of the dominant nation but identifies with another one (e.g., Czechs in Poland). → Conditions for being recognized as a national minority: p. 88.
Autochthons – members of an indigenous population who have lived in a given area for centuries (e.g., Native Americans).
Immigrants – people from another country who intend to settle permanently.
Regional group – a community living in a specific region whose members are aware of their cultural distinctiveness. However, this distinctiveness is not recognized legally, so they are considered part of the dominant nation.
What is the difference between assimilation and acculturation?
Assimilation – a process in which a minority gradually becomes similar to the dominant society.
Acculturation – the mutual influence and interaction between different cultures.
WYMAGANIA WYNIKAJĄCE Z PODSTAWY PROGRAMOWEJ XVII. Europa w XVI i XVII w. Uczeń: 1) wyjaśnia znaczenie wojny trzydziestoletniej. 2) charakteryzuje konflikty polityczne w Europie, z uwzględnieniem ekspansji tureckiej i charakteru wojny trzydziestoletniej.
› Który pokój regulował sprawę wojen religijnych w Rzeszy? › Jakie były jego postanowienia?
KARTY PRACY –> uzupełnij Unia Protestancka i Liga Katolicka Przyczyny wojny trzydziestoletniej Przebieg (etapy) Pokój westfalski Skutki
The Civilizations of America: Olmec, Maya, Aztec, Inca
Fill in the gaps with the correct word.
1.Civilisations of America – introduction
While ________________ civilisations were developing in the Mediterranean and Asia advanced societies, first civilisations in ___________________ were developing in the isolation.
The first American civilisation were people known as the __________________ in an area known as ___________________. They are often called the „mother culture” because they influenced other Mesoamerican societies. The Olmecs built ____________________ to honor their leaders and gods. Olmecs knew _______________, _______________________, the basics of _______________________ and the number zero. They spread their ___________________ to other Mesoamericans. For unknown reasons, the Olmec civilization _____________________ by 400 B.C.
2. Mayan, Aztec and Incan Empires
A. MAYANS
Mayans were ____________________ into individual ___________________________ ruled by kings. The Mayan economy was based on _____________________ (they cultivated corn, beans and broad beans). Mayan society was highly organized. At the top was the king who had _____________________ power. He held both _________________ and _____________ authority. Below him were nobles, priests, and warriors, who played important roles in governing, conducting rituals, and protecting the cities. Skilled artisans and merchants formed the middle class, producinggoods and trading with other regions. The _________________ made up the largest social class. Mayans were polytheistic and offered their blood, food and sometimes ______________ sacrifices to please the gods. They invented a _____________________ based on pictures, an accurate 365-days __________________ and advanced temples. The Mayans declined perhaps due to warfare among Mayan city-states, overfarming and Spanish invasion.
B. AZTECS
After the decline of the Mayans, the ________________ were developing in present-day ________________ . They built their main city ___________________________ in 1325 and formed a massive ________________ controled it through 38 __________________________ and received tribute from conquered peoples. They based on farming and trading. They did not know the ___________________. Aztecs society was ________________________ (kings, nobility, merchants, artisans, slaves). Aztecs worshipped many goods, especially the ____________ and made thousands of human _________________ each year. Like the Mayans, the Aztecs developed an accurate _____________________, they built ________________ complexes and ______________ on top of pyramids. When the ______________________ arrived in America, their civilization was already in ________________. A century of brutal rule over the provinces and milions of human sacrifices led to revolts. But, the true demise of the Aztecs came when the __________________ discovered America and conquered this civilization.
C.INCAS
1.While the Aztecs ruled Mexico, the ______________________ began to dominate the area of the Andes Mountains of___South________America. Many Incan cities like ____________________ and ___________________ were built in the ____________________ . Like the Aztecs, the Incas built a vast ________________ which included 80 provinces. But, the Incas ruled with tolerance and __________________ their empire with roads, ____________________ and communication (smoke signals). Inca innovations included _____________, a means of record keeping involving ____________. Like other Mesoamerican civilizations, the Aztecs were conquered by the Spanish conquistadors.
Based on sources and information below follow the questions. Make conclusions and present it to your class. Pay special attention to the similarities and differences in the history of Poland and Hungary.
What is the connection between the person shown in the film below and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956?
2. Look at the photo and try to describe the public mood in the capital of Hungary. Were the moods in Poland similar at that time?
he head of the Stalin statue, toppled in Budapest on the first day of the Hungarian Uprising in 1956. Źródło: Wikimedia Commons / Fortepan / ID 93004 / Róbert Hofbauer
3. Read the article: https://polin.pl/en/march-68 Why were Jews blamed for the protests in Poland in 1968? Did a similar situation happen in Hungary?
4. How did the Round Table help build democracy in Poland and Hungary?
Knights of the Round Table Źródło: Evrard d’Espinques. Uploaded by Palladinus to Polish Wikipedia; subsequently edited by Reytan. – Transferred from Polish Wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Piotrus using CommonsHelper. (See also Gallica.), Domena publiczna, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10383554
Based on sources and information below follow the questions. Make conclusions and present it to your class. Pay special attention to the similarities and differences in the history of Poland and Hungary.
Read the fragment of The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939). What agreements did the document below include regarding Poland?
Secret Additional Protocol. (Moscow, August 23, 1939) „Article II. In the event of a territorial and political rearrangement of the areas belonging to the Polish state, the spheres of influence of Germany and the U.S.S.R. shall be bounded approximately by the line of the rivers Narev, Vistula and San. The question of whether the interests of both parties make desirable the maintenance of an independent Polish States and how such a state should be bounded can only be definitely determined in the course of further political developments. In any event both Governments will resolve this question by means of a friendly agreement.”
2. Read the article. Describe what attitude the Hungarian state had toward the German and Soviet occupations in Poland.
Based on sources and information below follow the questions. Make conclusions and present it to your class. Pay special attention to the similarities and differences in the history of Poland and Hungary.
3. Read a report from a Polish newspaper about the Hungarian reaction to the Treaty of Trianon. Check if the Hungarians made any moves to get their lost territories back.
Źródło: „Czas”, R. 73, nr 133, 7 czerwca 1920, s. 1.(Domena publiczna, https://polona.pl)
Translation:
„Budapest, June 6 (PAT.) According to the Hungarian correspondent’s office: Due to the signing of the peace treaty, all shops were closed yesterday. At 10 a.m., the bells of all Budapest churches could be heard ringing. Trams, railways, and other means of transportation were suspended for 10 minutes. In all state and municipal offices, all work stopped for 10 minutes, and theaters and public venues were closed in the evening. Before noon, Hungarian refugees from 48 occupied districts held a protest march. Solemn services were held in the temples.„
4. Read the text below. Describe the time and circumstances in which Poland regained its independence.
„Political conditions after World War I allowed Poland to regain its independence on November 11, 1918. Poland was divided between three powers for 123 years. This caused many political, economic, and social problems. It was necessary to unite the country again.One of the most important problems of the reviving state was the struggle to define its territory. The Treaty of Versailles set the border with Germany in the west, but it completely ignored the issue of the eastern border.At the beginning, the Polish state was limited to the western part of the Russian and Austrian partitions. The fight for borders, which lasted several years, began. A successful uprising against Germany broke out in Wielkopolska. As a result of three uprisings and a plebiscite in Upper Silesia, Poland gained the third part of this country. The reborn Polish Army undertook fight in the east, firstly with Ukrainians for Lviv, then with Soviet Russia that posed a threat to the existence of the Republic of Poland. The Polish victory in the Battle of Warsaw (the so‑called Miracle at the Vistula) in August 1920 turned out to be of a key meaning. It was not possible to rebuild the Republic of Poland within the borders from before partitions, but the reborn Polish state included lands from all three partitions, including with access to the sea. The main cities were Warsaw, Cracow, Poznań, Lviv and Vilnius.”
5. What was the situation of national minorities in both countries?
An extended-level (matura-level) history lesson in a bilingual class/ review lesson.
Willam Baur: Węgrzy i Polacy (XVII w.) w Muzeum Czartoryskich w Krakowie
The proverbial saying about the traditional brotherhood and camaraderie between Poles and Hungarians.
The saying’s Polish text reads Polak, Węgier — dwa bratanki, i do szabli, i do szklanki, oba zuchy, oba żwawi, niech im Pan Bóg błogosławi.
The full, two-couplet Hungarian version reads Lengyel, magyar – két jó barát, Együtt harcol s issza borát, Vitéz s bátor mindkettője, Áldás szálljon mindkettőre.
Translation: Pole and Hungarian — two brothers/fellow, good for fight and for hit the booze 🙂 Both courageous, both lively, God bless them both!
MAIN GOALS: Exploring the common history of Poland and Hungary in the 20th century.
The fates of Poles and Hungarians have been closely linked over the centuries. Because our countries are located close, we faced similar problems. Poland–Hungary relations are related by close friendship, brotherhood and camaraderie rooted in a deep history of shared rulers, cultures, struggles, and faith.
BRAINSTORMING What are the historical relations between Poland and Hungary?How has the historical relationship between Hungary and Poland evolved, (especially in the context of current geopolitical tensions)? (generally, different periods of time)
How the history of Hungary was evolved in 20th Century? Follow the film and materials below. Try to find similarities and differences in the history of Poland and Hungary.
SUMMARY OF POLISH AND HUNGARIAN HISTORY IN 20TH CENTURY
HOMEWORK
Do you agree with the statement that the Polish youth protests in March 1968 had the same ideological background as the uprisings in Hungary in the same year? Write an essay on the following topic. Include political, economic, and social aspects. Your essay should contain at least 250 words.
